"Those
who have one foot in the canoe and
one foot in the boat are going to fall in the river."
Tuscarora Saying
The
Iroquois call themselves the Haudenosaunee, which means
"People of the
Longhouse," or more accurately, "They Are Building a Long
House."
According to their tradition, The Great Peacemaker
introduced the name
at the time of the formation of the League. It implies
that the nations
of the League should live together as families in the same
longhouse.
Traditionally, Kanien'kehá:ka (Mohawk) are the guardians
of the eastern
door, as they are located in the east closest to the
Hudson, and the
Seneca are the guardians of the western door of the
"tribal longhouse",
the territory they controlled in present-day New York.
Onöñda’gega’ (Onondaga), whose homeland is in the center
of Haudenosaunee territory,
are keepers of the League's (both literal and figurative)
central flame.
The
Grand Council of the Iroquois League is an assembly of 56
Hoyenah
(chiefs) or Sachems, a number that has never changed.
Today, the seats
on the Council are distributed among the Six Nations as
follows:
Iroquois
Confederacy
(Haudenosaunee)
The original homeland of the Iroquois was in upstate New
York between the
Adirondack Mountains and Niagara Falls. Through conquest and
migration,
they gained control of most of the northeastern United
States and
eastern Canada. At its maximum in 1680, their empire
extended west from
the north shore of Chesapeake Bay through Kentucky to the
junction of
the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers; then north following the
Illinois
River to the south end of Lake Michigan; east across all of
lower
Michigan, southern Ontario and adjacent parts of
southwestern Quebec;
and finally south through northern New England west of the
Connecticut
River through the Hudson and upper Delaware Valleys across
Pennsylvania
back to the Chesapeake. With two exceptions - the Mingo
occupation of
the upper Ohio Valley and the Caughnawaga migration to the
upper St.
Lawrence - the Iroquois did not, for the most part,
physically occupy
this vast area but remained in their upstate New York
villages.
During the hundred years preceding the American Revolution,
wars with
French-allied Algonquin and British colonial settlement
forced them
back within their original boundaries once again. Their
decision to
side with the British during the Revolutionary War was a
disaster for
the Iroquois. The American invasion of their homeland in
1779 drove
many of the Iroquois into southern Ontario where they have
remained.
With large Iroquois communities already located along the
upper St.
Lawrence in Quebec at the time, roughly half of the Iroquois
population
has since lived in Canada. This includes most of the Mohawk
along with
representative groups from the other tribes. Although most
Iroquois
reserves are in southern Ontario and Quebec, one small group
(Michel's
band) settled in Alberta during the 1800s as part of the fur
trade.
Ahyouywaigh
(John Brant)
Cornplanter
Kiontwogky
(Corn Plant)
Red
Jacket
Iroquois Constitution
Iroquois Oral Traditions
Cayuga Nation
[Guyohkohnyo -
People of the
Seneca Nation]
Tuscaroras
Nation
[Skaroreh
Katenuaka Nation]
Mohawk Nation
Onandaga Nation
Oneida
Nation/Onyota'a:ka:
(People of the Satnding Stone)
Oren
Lyons
Haudenosaunee Dances and Songs
Haudenosaunee Iroquois Confederacy
The Natural World teaming, with life allows each species to
live & to
be different. Differences do not cause conflict as much as
disrespect.
The following are Cultural differences that Hodenoshaunee
have and they
are offered for your consideration and understanding.
1) Our cultural knowledge explains that our two people were created separately on two different continents. We did not come across the Bering Strait. To be placed on a progressive continuum is in itself the purest form of racism.
2) We begin to travel in two paths with understanding, respect and cooperation,the bench mark of separation.
3) We have two distinct legacies of life. We each have an entirely different way of viewing the world. These differences have led us to deal with each other in a sometimes bizarre mannar.
4) Aboriginal world view contains a greater sense of the current completeness of existence.
5) Aboriginal people have a different way of seeing reality. Any discussion of land becomes a discussion of religion, kinship and is our view of land. We view everything as possessing a life and we look to the unity of whole as the completeness of existence. All life comes from Mother Earth.
6) Belief is more important than what they can prove.
7) Land does not belong to us. It belongs to the coming faces (generations to come). In this sense, we cannot own,sell buy and give land away. It belongs to all.
8) Everything is related and survival depends on how one exercises the use of resources. We only take what we can use.
9) Our view of time and space is different. The spirts allow us to return to the orgins of ceremonies and as long as we do them in completeness we can draw on that original power and strength. It seeks harmony in a cyclical contact over time. We are concerned with being and maintaining rather than becoming developing, changing, making and storing.
10) Every Hodenoshaunee person has a personal relation with nature and does not strive to control it. There is no connection of land, labor and wealth.
11) The future does not contain the stimulating prospect of progress.
12) To meet the Non-Native halfway is to self destruct.
13) Why is the option of leading a separate cultural domain into the future so shocking? Reaction would be pure racism. Any one wants to be different. Work on understanding the difference. Form a partnership not a marriage.
by
Chief
Harvey Longboat
Six nations
Simply put, the Iroquois
were the most important native group in North American
history.
Culturally, however, there was little to distinguish them from
their
Iroquian-speaking neighbors. All had matrilineal social
structures -
the women owned all property and determined kinship. The
individual
Iroquois tribes were divided into three clans, turtle, bear,
and wolf -
each headed by the clan mother. The Seneca were like the Huron
tribes
and had eight (the five additional being the crane, snipe,
hawk,
beaver, and deer). After marriage, a man moved into his wife's
longhouse, and their children became members of her clan.
Iroquois
villages were generally fortified and large. The distinctive,
communal
longhouses of the different clans could be over 200' in length
and were
built about a framework covered with elm bark, the Iroquois'
material
of choice for all manner of things. Villages were permanent in
the
sense they were moved only for defensive purposes or when the
soil
became exhausted (about every twenty years).
Agriculture provided most of the Iroquois diet. Corn, beans,
and squash
were known as "deohako" or "life supporters." Their importance
to the
Iroquois was clearly demonstrated by the six annual
agricultural
festivals held with prayers of gratitude for their harvests.
The women
owned and tended the fields under the supervision of the clan
mother.
Men usually left the village in the fall for the annual hunt
and
returned about midwinter. Spring was fishing season. Other
than
clearing fields and building villages, the primary occupation
of the
men was warfare. Warriors wore their hair in a distinctive
scalplock
(Mohawk of course), although other styles became common later.
While
the men carefully removed all facial and body hair, women wore
theirs
long. Tattoos were common for both sexes. Torture and ritual
cannibalism were some of the ugly traits of the Iroquois, but
these
were shared with several other tribes east of the Mississippi.
The
False Face society was an Iroquois healing group which
utilized
grotesque wooden masks to frighten the evil spirts believed to
cause
illness.
It was the Iroquois political system, however, that made them
unique,
and because of it, they dominated the first 200-years of
colonial
history in both Canada and the United States. Strangely
enough, there
were never that many of them, and the enemies they defeated in
war were
often twice their size. Although much has been made of their
Dutch
firearms, the Iroquois prevailed because of their unity, sense
of
purpose, and superior political organization. Since the
Iroquois League
was formed prior to any contact, it owed nothing to European
influence.
Proper credit is seldom given, but the reverse was actually
true.
Rather than learning political sophistication from Europeans,
Europeans
learned from the Iroquois, and the League, with its elaborate
system of
checks, balances,, and supreme law, almost certainly
influenced the
American Articles of Confederation and Constitution.
Return to Indigenous Peoples' Literature
Compiled by: Glenn
Welker
ghwelker@gmx.com
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